The Effectiveness of Mobile-Assisted Vocabulary Learning Using Spaced Repetition for Vocabulary Acquisition and Retention among Saudi EFL Secondary School Students

Abstract

Vocabulary knowledge is a fundamental component of second language proficiency, yet many English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners struggle to retain newly acquired lexical items over time. Mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) has emerged as a promising approach for enhancing vocabulary acquisition through flexible, technology-mediated learning. This study investigates the effectiveness of MALL using the Anki spaced repetition system in improving vocabulary acquisition and long-term retention among Saudi Arabian secondary school students. A randomized controlled trial involving 160 EFL learners aged 15–17 compared mobile-assisted vocabulary learning with conventional word-list memorization over an eight-week instructional period. Participants studied 120 academic and General Service vocabulary items selected to support secondary-level English proficiency. Vocabulary knowledge was measured at pre-test, immediate post-test, and a six-week delayed post-test using a productive Vocabulary Knowledge Scale (VKS) and a receptive vocabulary recognition test. Quantitative findings indicated that students using the Anki application achieved significantly greater productive vocabulary gains (d = 0.82) than those employing traditional learning methods. Moreover, the MALL group demonstrated substantially stronger vocabulary retention at the delayed post-test (d = 0.71), highlighting the effectiveness of spaced repetition for long-term lexical memory. Analysis of application engagement data revealed a significant positive correlation between the frequency of daily review sessions and vocabulary improvement (r = .63), suggesting that consistent practice contributed directly to learning outcomes. Student attitude surveys further showed high levels of motivation, learner autonomy, and satisfaction with mobile-assisted vocabulary learning, emphasizing the convenience and accessibility of the approach. The findings provide robust evidence that spaced repetition-based MALL significantly enhances both vocabulary acquisition and retention compared with conventional memorization techniques. The study offers practical implications for integrating mobile technologies into EFL vocabulary instruction and recommends structured daily review schedules to maximize long-term vocabulary development in secondary education contexts.